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Silver Triangle in the AI Era: Employee, Company, Customer

An idea from the eighties worth revisiting

Every organization rests on three relationships: the one it has with its people, the one it has with its customers, and the one its people have with those customers. It is the least deliberately designed part of the business.

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In short

Every organization rests on three relationships: the one it has with its people, the one it has with its customers, and the one its people have with those customers. The Nordic School of service marketing drew them as a triangle: make the promise, enable the promise, keep the promise. Artificial intelligence puts that model back at the center for a concrete reason — building product has stopped being a barrier to entry, and what cannot be replicated over a weekend is precisely those three relationships. We walk through what AI can do today on each of the three sides, and where it is better left out.

Every organization rests on three relationships: the one it has with its people, the one it has with its customers, and the one its people have with those customers. Put that way it sounds obvious, and yet it is the part of the business that is least deliberately designed and the one that almost never shows up on a dashboard.

In the pages that follow we want to trace where that idea comes from, why artificial intelligence puts it back at the center, and what AI can concretely do today on each of the three sides.

Chapter 1. Where the triangle comes from

The origin lies in what is known as the Nordic School of service marketing, a group of Finnish and Swedish academics who, between the late seventies and the early nineties, took on a problem the discipline had been avoiding. The marketing of the time, the marketing of the four Ps, was designed for packaged products that ended up on a shelf. It worked reasonably well for selling soap, but it did not explain what happens in a service, where what is sold is produced and consumed at the same moment, in front of the customer, and where the person delivering it is not a package but an employee of the company itself.

The central figure of that school is Christian Grönroos, of the Hanken School of Economics in Helsinki. His work articulates the concepts that would later become the model. On one hand, interactive marketing, which starts from the observation that in a service the decisive moment is not the advertisement or the brochure but the actual encounter between an employee and a customer; from which it follows that all contact staff perform a marketing function even though no org chart says so — something his colleague Evert Gummesson summarized by calling them part-time marketers and noting that in service firms they usually far outnumber the ones in the department. On the other hand, internal marketing, a term that appears in 1981 in two independent works: Leonard Berry's, credited with the first formal definition — treating the employee as an internal customer — and Grönroos's own, which contributes the reorientation toward the customer rather than employee satisfaction alone. On these two pillars rests a third concept, that of the promise, which Grönroos explicitly attributes to Henrik Calonius: the company promises something, someone inside has to be put in a position to deliver it, and finally someone either delivers or fails to deliver it in front of the customer.

Out of that set of ideas comes the triangular representation. According to Mary Jo Bitner herself, it was Kotler who, influenced by Grönroos, developed it in his textbook as three distinct marketing activities. And the person who gave it the formulation that circulates today was Bitner, of Arizona State, in a 1995 article in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science whose title already carried the argument: Building Service Relationships: It’s All About Promises. Read that way, the three sides of the triangle go like this:

A triangle with three vertices labelled employee, company and customer, joined by double-headed arrows, with artificial intelligence at the center of the figure.
The three vertices of the triangle and its three sides: the company makes the promise to the customer, enables its people to keep it, and the employee keeps it in the encounter. Artificial intelligence is not added to one side — it runs through all three.

Valarie Zeithaml and Bitner consolidated the model in 1996 in their textbook Services Marketing, under the name it has carried ever since, the services marketing triangle, along with a warning that is cited less often than it deserves: all three sides are necessary to complete the whole, and they have to be aligned with one another. A strong side does not compensate for a weak one; it exposes it. Around the same time, and from Harvard, Heskett, Sasser and Schlesinger published the service-profit chain, which supplied the missing link by ordering those same relationships as a causal sequence in which employee satisfaction drives customer satisfaction, and customer satisfaction drives growth and profitability.

If we call it the silver triangle, it is because the moment you label it «marketing» you lose sight of what it is actually saying. It does not describe a function of the company but the asset the company lives off.

Brand, product and processes are the visible manifestation of those three relationships, not the other way around. And unlike almost everything else an organization needs, these three relationships cannot be bought ready-made.

Chapter 2. Why this is central for a startup today

For about twenty years, the barrier to entry for a technology startup sat on the building side. You had to assemble the technical team, write the software and then keep it running, and that took enough time and money that whoever managed it had something resembling an advantage. That barrier collapsed in a very short time. In Y Combinator's winter 2025 batch, according to its own partners, roughly a quarter of the companies had codebases that were about 95% AI-generated — and one detail they themselves underlined is worth repeating: these were not non-technical founders who had found a shortcut, but engineers perfectly capable of writing that code who chose not to write it. On the corporate side the phenomenon shows up from another angle. In McKinsey's 2026 global survey, close to a third of organizations — 32% — reported having decided against purchasing some software product or feature because they could build it in-house with agentic coding tools.

The practical consequence is that product went from being a barrier to entry to being a condition of entry. What a few years ago required eighteen months and a seed round can now be running in weeks, with the uncomfortable caveat that the same is true for the competitor who shows up next month.

This is where a problem of focus appears which, before it is technical, is human. Building is probably the most rewarding thing a technical founder does, because it is controllable, measurable, it advances every day and it does not depend on anyone returning a call. Selling, hiring, handling an angry customer or explaining to an employee why their review came out the way it did belong to the opposite order: they are slow, ambiguous activities that depend on other people's willingness. While building was expensive and slow, the sheer scarcity of resources forced the founder out to talk to people. Now that it has become cheap and fast, that external discipline has disappeared, and it is perfectly possible to spend a year iterating on the product without having had a single difficult conversation. The founder feels like they are advancing, and in a sense they are, but the triangle is quietly emptying out. It is, incidentally, one of the attributes that separates a founder who sustains the venture from one who does not — something we developed at the time when discussing the seven dimensions of a viable founder.

The underlying numbers, meanwhile, have not changed. In the analysis CB Insights published in March 2026 on 431 venture-backed startups that shut down since 2023, 70% ended up running out of capital — though the authors themselves warn that running out of capital tends to be the final cause rather than the explanation. The reason behind it, in 43% of cases, is the lack of fit between product and market; and two out of three of those product-market-fit failures were early-stage companies that never found a viable market. Put differently, in that sample nobody shut down for having failed to build what they set out to build.

There is one more figure from the same McKinsey report worth reading alongside the above. Eighty percent of respondents report individual productivity gains from AI, but only 37% attribute any impact to the company's operating result — a proportion unchanged from the previous year. The distance between those two numbers is not explained by the quality of the tools, which are the same for everyone, but by the redesign of work required for an individual gain to become a collective result, and that redesign is exactly the territory of the triangle. Deloitte arrives by a different route at a compatible conclusion in its 2026 human capital trends report, built on more than nine thousand business and HR leaders across 89 countries: organizations that approach AI with a human-centered rather than a technology-centered focus are 1.6 times more likely to see returns on their AI investments that exceed expectations.

Our position. In the age of artificial intelligence the triangle has stopped being a service marketing framework and become the map of what cannot be replicated over a weekend. Code can be replicated. A customer's trust, an employee's decision to stay, and a team's ability to systematically deliver what the company promised, cannot.

With that in mind, it is worth walking the three sides one at a time. The lists that follow are illustrative and will certainly fall short, because the uses multiply every month.

Chapter 3. The employee – company relationship: enabling the promise

This is the internal marketing side and, with few exceptions, the one that historically received the least investment, largely because it generates no invoice and therefore competes badly for budget. Artificial intelligence changes it mainly for a cost reason: it makes it cheap to observe continuously what could previously only be observed at discrete events and at the price of heavy administrative load.

It is fitting to close with a regulatory warning no board should overlook, even if the company does not operate in Europe, because it marks where the standard is heading. The European Artificial Intelligence Act classifies as high-risk, in point 4 of its Annex III, systems used to select candidates, evaluate performance, decide promotions or terminations and monitor work, and imposes on them obligations of effective human oversight, transparency and prior information to workers and their representatives. It also prohibits, in Article 5(1)(f), emotion recognition in the workplace, with the sole exception of systems intended for medical or safety reasons. The application timetable is under discussion and could shift, but the direction is not: on this side of the triangle, artificial intelligence is implemented with written governance or it is not implemented. It is the same conclusion we reached when analysing AI risks for boards.

Chapter 4. The company – customer relationship: making the promise

This side is the most visible of the three and the one that has received the most investment in recent years, with the predictable counterpart that it is also where the most expensive mistakes are made, because a mistake here is seen by the entire market.

Here too a warning is in order, symmetrical to the one in the previous chapter. A survey conducted by OnePoll in May 2026 among six thousand consumers in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, commissioned by AnswerConnect — a company that sells human answering services, so the figure should be read knowing who financed it — found that 85% of respondents would rather speak to a person than to an AI, up from the previous year, and that 57% say their trust in a business would fall if its service depended predominantly on artificial intelligence. Even discounting the sponsor's bias, the direction matches what is observable in the market. The figure does not invalidate automation, but it indicates where to place it: automating the promise pays off as long as the customer keeps a clear path to a person, and turns destructive the moment that path closes.

Chapter 5. The employee – customer relationship: keeping the promise

We come to the interactive marketing side, Grönroos's moment of truth, which is at once the least automated of the three and the one where artificial intelligence shows the best risk-return profile, for a structural reason: here AI replaces nobody — it assists a person who remains responsible for the outcome.

Artificial intelligence can write the draft, as long as the person who signs it is in a position to explain every sentence they sign.

The risk specific to this chapter has to do with authenticity, and it is not a small one. If the customer starts to perceive that everything they receive was machine-generated (the email, the summary, the apology, the proposal), the encounter stops being an encounter and the interactive side empties out precisely when it was meant to be reinforced. That is the practical rule we use with our clients.

Chapter 6. Conclusions

The triangle that Berry, Grönroos, Kotler and Bitner finished formulating between 1981 and 1996 described a service business with employees serving customers. Today it describes any organization, partly because practically every company delivers a portion of its value in the form of a continuous service, and partly because those three relationships have become the ground on which competition actually happens.

For a startup, the underlying change artificial intelligence brought is that building has stopped constituting a barrier. If the product can be replicated in weeks, the advantage has moved to the three sides of the triangle, and the founder's concrete risk is to take refuge in what they know how to do and enjoy while the relationships go undesigned. The failure statistics do not speak of companies that could not program what they wanted; they speak of companies that never quite worked out who was served by what they programmed.

On the side joining employee and company, artificial intelligence makes continuous observation cheap, and with that a set of practices become viable again that until now were too expensive to sustain: evaluation based on accumulated evidence, a real inventory of skills, internal mobility and the anticipation of capability gaps. It is also the side with the most regulatory constraints and, above all, with the most potential damage if implemented without written governance.

On the side joining company and customer, artificial intelligence absorbs a growing share of the promise (intake, resolution, personalization, delivery) and adds a structural novelty with agentic commerce, where part of the counterpart stops being human. The limit here is set by trust, and the available evidence suggests automation pays off as long as a clear path to a person exists.

On the side joining employee and customer, the least automated of the three and at the same time the best documented in terms of results, artificial intelligence works as an assistant to someone who still answers for the outcome. It is where the evidence shows simultaneous improvements in productivity, in how customers are treated and in employee retention, and where the most interesting effect is that it levels the less experienced upward.

Our recommendation to a board or an executive committee is the same one we give when the subject is processes: do not start with the tool. First draw your own organization's triangle and put a name to three things — what is promised, what it takes to be able to deliver it, and what actually happens in the encounter with the customer. Only with that in view does it make sense to ask at which point artificial intelligence makes those three things work better. Because technology is cheap and available to everyone, the competitor included, while the three sides of the triangle are not.

Frequently asked questions

Who proposed the employee, company and customer triangle?

The model comes from the Nordic School of service marketing and its concepts are attributed mainly to Christian Grönroos, with the contribution of Leonard Berry's internal marketing and Henrik Calonius's concept of the promise. According to Mary Jo Bitner, it was Philip Kotler who, influenced by Grönroos, developed the three-marketing-activities formulation in his textbook; Bitner herself gave it in 1995 the version that circulates today, and she and Valarie Zeithaml consolidated it as the «services marketing triangle» in their 1996 book.

What are external, internal and interactive marketing?

They are the three sides of the triangle. External runs from company to customer and consists of making the promise. Internal runs from company to employee and consists of enabling that promise through selection, training, tools and information. Interactive happens between employee and customer, and is where the promise is either kept or broken.

How does it relate to the service-profit chain?

The service-profit chain of Heskett, Sasser and Schlesinger, published in Harvard Business Review in 1994, is complementary to the triangle: it orders the same relationships as a causal sequence in which employee satisfaction drives customer satisfaction, and the latter drives growth and profitability.

Why is the triangle more relevant in the age of artificial intelligence?

Because AI drastically reduced the cost and time of building product, so product stopped working as a sustainable barrier to entry. What cannot be replicated as easily are the relationships with employees and customers, and the ability to systematically deliver what was promised.

How can artificial intelligence help in the relationship with employees?

In candidate screening, performance reviews based on continuous evidence, skill inference and talent discovery, internal mobility, anticipation of capability gaps, detection of control anomalies, early attrition signals, onboarding, internal knowledge assistants, personalized training and reduced administrative load. In the European Union many of these uses are classified as high-risk and require effective human oversight and transparency.

How can it help in the relationship with customers?

In intake and structuring of orders through any channel, autonomous resolution of frequent queries, personalization, demand forecasting and pricing, churn prediction, analysis of all interactions as voice of the customer, delivery planning, fraud detection, customer onboarding and adaptation to agentic commerce, where an AI agent buys on behalf of the user.

And in the relationship between employee and customer?

In drafting communications, real-time assistance during the contact, alerts on angry customers, agenda prioritization, preparation before the encounter, logging and closure afterwards, translation, quality evaluation and coaching across all interactions, next-best-action recommendations and automatic tracking of the commitments made in each conversation.

Buho Advisors — Technology advisory for boards in Latin America.
Real experience. Strategic vision.

Further reading

The triangle and its origins

The impact of AI

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